25 Priceless Pieces of History Lost Forever to War

War does not only destroy armies, cities, and infrastructure. It can also wipe away centuries of art, architecture, scholarship, religious tradition, and recorded history in a matter of hours. Libraries have burned, ancient monuments have been reduced to rubble, museums have been looted, and entire historic districts have disappeared during conflicts around the world.

The losses on this list include buildings, collections, archives, and archaeological sites that once offered an irreplaceable connection to the past. Some were destroyed accidentally in the chaos of combat, while others were deliberately targeted because of what they represented to a particular culture or community.

The scale of those losses helped inspire international efforts to protect cultural heritage during wartime, including the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. Yet even with such protections in place, historic treasures continue to remain vulnerable whenever fighting begins.

From centuries-old libraries to religious landmarks and ancient cities, these 25 examples reveal a different kind of wartime casualty: pieces of human history that can never truly be rebuilt once they are gone.

• War/conflict: The Taiping Rebellion, 1856
• The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing was considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Medieval World. It was commissioned by the Ming Emperor Yongle in 1412, and construction took more than 17 years. The tower reportedly stood 259 feet tall and was almost 100 feet wide at its base. The walls of the pagoda were made of white porcelain bricks. It was destroyed in 1856 by rebels fighting the Qing Dynasty.

• War/conflict: Second Opium War, 1860
• The Old Summer Palace in Beijing was built in the 18th and early 19th centuries and served as the primary quarters for members of the Qing Dynasty. The palace was known for its splendid gardens — it was called “Versailles of the East” — and was noteworthy for blending ancient Chinese landscape techniques with Western architecture. The palace was destroyed by colonial powers France and Great Britain in 1860 during the Second Opium War. What remains of the palace is now a park.

• War/conflict: WWII, 1939-1944
• Warsaw was one of many of the world’s capital cities that suffered greatly during World War II. After Nazi Germany overran Poland in 1939, the occupiers gradually destroyed the city, including its historic old town and market. After the Germans put down the Warsaw Uprising in the summer of 1944, they razed the old town.

• War/conflict: WWII, 1940
• Christchurch Greyfriars was built as a Franciscan church in 1225, and the original house of worship was the final resting place of four queens. It was consumed by the Great Fire of London of 1666 and rebuilt by the famous architect Sir Christopher Wren in 1704.
• It was nearly fully destroyed by bombs during the Blitz by Nazi Germany in 1940. Only the tower and outer walls of the church remained after the bombing. The church was never rebuilt, and a rose garden now occupies its site.

• War/conflict: WWII, 1940
• Coventry was among the most severely bombed cities in England during WWII, and St. Michael’s Old Cathedral was one of the main targets of Nazi bombing in 1940. St. Michael’s was a Gothic treasure built in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. During the Blitz in November 1940, Luftwaffe bombers destroyed the church, leaving only the spire, tower, and outer walls. The church was not rebuilt, but another church was constructed next to it and consecrated in 1962.

• War/conflict: WWII, 1940
• The Leuven University Library in Leuven, Belgium, has the unfortunate distinction of being destroyed twice. The 17th-century book repository was demolished for the first time in August of 1914 in the early stages of World War I by the German Army, who set fire to the town of Leuven. The library was rebuilt only to be leveled by the Nazis in 1940 during WWII. Belgium painstakingly rebuilt the library after the war.

• War/conflict: WWII, April 6, 1941
• The National Library of Serbia, founded in 1832, was completely burned during WWII in the bombing of Belgrade by the Nazis on April 6, 1941. It was reportedly the only library destroyed on purpose in WWII. Hitler’s decision was based on his position that the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia should not exist as a state.
• Much of the library’s holdings were destroyed, including 1,300 medieval manuscripts, more than 300,000 books printed in Serbia between the 15th and 17th centuries, 2,000 letters by distinguished Serbian and South Slovac people, as well as Ottoman manuscripts, newspapers, engravings, and maps documenting hundreds of years of history. The bombing also destroyed 8,000 structures in the city and killed 4,000 people.

• War/conflict: WWII, April 27, 1942
• Malta, located between Italy and Libya, played a geographically pivotal role in the Mediterranean Sea during WWII. The island came under the aegis of the British Empire in the 19th century and became a key port for the Royal Navy. During WWII, Malta was attacked frequently by German bombers. In 1942, the Luftwaffe bombed the city of Valletta, and during the attack, they destroyed the 19th-century Royal Opera House. Eventually, the Maltese built an open-air theater that opened in 2013.

• War/conflict: WWII, 1943
• The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in Berlin was built in a neo-Romantic style as an expression of nationalist pride in honor of Germany’s first Kaiser, Wilhelm I, in 1895. It was destroyed by Allied bombing during WWII, and the victorious Allies refused to rebuild it because of its association with German nationalism.

• War/conflict: WWII, 1945
• The firebombing of Dresden, Germany by Allied bombers in February 1945, immortalized in the Kurt Vonnegut book “Slaughterhouse-Five,” devastated a city famous for its Baroque architecture. Its most famous structure was the Lutheran church Frauenkirche, a symbol of suffering that was completely restored in 2005.
• Other cultural institutions damaged or destroyed were the Zwinger Art Museum and the Juedenhof Palace. Among the artistic treasures lost in the raid were “The Stone Breakers” by Gustave Courbet (1849) and “Danae” by Gilles Backereel (1619/1620).

• War/conflict: WWII, 1945
• What the massive earthquake of 1923 did not destroy in Tokyo, American bomber planes did during WWII. Incendiary bombs and napalm set off massive fire storms that gutted Japan’s capital in March of 1945, killing 100,000 people, and wiping out historic Tokyo.

• War/conflict: Bosnian War, 1992
• First opened in 1896, Vijecnica of Sarajevo was converted in 1949 into the National Library of Bosnia. The library, along with nearly 2 million books, was burnt to the ground during the Bosnian war in August 1992. The library’s collection included rare documentation of life under the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires. (It was rebuilt and reopened in 2014.)

• War/conflict: Bosnian War, 1993
• The 18th-century Mehmed Pasha Kukavica Mosque in Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a cultural vestige of the Ottoman Empire, which held sway over the Balkans until the early 20th century. The mosque was almost destroyed during the Bosnian War in the 1990s, but the structure is being restored to preserve Muslim culture in the region.

• War/conflict: Bosnian War, 1992
• Banja Luka, the second largest city in Bosnia-Herzegovina after Sarajevo, was the site of some of the worst human rights abuses during the Bosnian War. In addition to the forced displacement of the non-Serbian population and ethnic cleansing carried out during the conflict, objects, and sites of cultural significance to religious minorities were deliberately destroyed.
• The UNESCO-designated cultural heritage site Ferhad Pasha Mosque was among several 16th-century mosques destroyed by Serb forces in the city. (It was rebuilt and reopened in May 2016.)

• War/conflict: War in Afghanistan, 2001
• The Buddhas of Bamiyan, Bamyan, Afghanistan, were carved into a sandstone cliff in the sixth century. The Buddha monuments were the tallest Buddhas in the world, with the tallest Buddha standing at 170 feet. It had been a holy site for monks since at least the early seventh century.
• In 2001, the Taliban, under the direction of Mullah Mohammed Omar, ordered their destruction because they were considered idolatrous statues. It took the Taliban 25 days to destroy the statues, using tanks, artillery shells, and dynamite.

• War/conflict: Iraq War, 2003
• The National Library in Baghdad, Iraq, which housed millions of books, manuscripts, and stone tablets from antiquity, was plundered by those loyal to Saddam Hussein in April 2003, and the repository was set on fire. Lost forever were irreplaceable artifacts from the ancient Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian civilizations.

• War/conflict: Syrian Civil War, 2011-2016
• The Apamea Historical Sites in Apamea, Syria, were among the most visited archeological sites in the Middle East — and the city of Apamea is awash in history. It was once the home of the Seleucid Empire, later occupied by the Roman Empire, and the Crusaders used it as a base.
• Apamea was known for its paved streets and splendid mosaics. Unfortunately, the battles during the Syrian Civil War have devastated the historical site and many of its treasures have been plundered.

• War/conflict: Syrian Civil War, 2013
• The Omari Mosque in Daraa, Syria, goes back to the beginning of Islam, in the seventh century. It is one of the places where the Syrian revolution began in 2011. In April 2013, the Syrian government destroyed the minaret, one of the oldest in the Middle East. The mosque itself was also damaged by shelling from the Syrian military.

• War/conflict: Car bomb, Jan. 24, 2014
• A car bomb detonated on Jan. 24, 2014, collapsing ceilings and blowing out windows in Cairo’s Museum of Islamic Art. The museum was not destroyed but extensively damaged, affecting 20% to 30% of the priceless artifacts housed there. The museum is widely regarded as one of the most important archives of Islamic history.

• War/conflict: ISIS conquest, 2014
• The Lions of Hadattu, massive images of gatekeeping lions made from basalt, date from the eighth century B.C. The lions had guarded the entrance to a palace, long since destroyed, of an Assyrian monarch.
• Two of the surviving lions were on display in a park until the Islamic State destroyed them with bulldozers in 2014 after ISIS captured the region. (Shown above is the Bel Temple in Palmyra, Syria.)

• War/conflict: War in Yemen, 2015
• The old section of Sana’a in Yemen, which has been inhabited for about 2,500 years, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was famous for its warrens of mosques, multi-story tower homes, and bathhouses behind partially preserved city walls.
• The name Sana’a means “fortified place.” The ongoing civil war in Yemen has devastated this part of the capital city. A Saudi-led airstrike hit the old city in September 2015 and destroyed many of the UNESCO sites.

• War/conflict: ISIS conquest, 2015
• The Great Mosque of Aleppo is one of the iconic images of Syria. The UNESCO World Heritage Site was housed inside the walls of the old city of Aleppo and was said to contain the remains of Zechariah, the father of John the Baptist.
• The mosque’s minaret, dated from the 11th century, was destroyed during the Syrian Civil War in 2013. Other parts of the mosque were badly damaged by gunfire and bombs. Both sides blamed each other for the destruction of the mosque. Priceless artifacts were reportedly looted.

• Destroyed: War in Yemen, 2015
• Another cultural victim of the civil war in Yemen was the Al-Mahdi Mosque in the capital city of Sana’a. The mosque was a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was known for its bright white dome and finely detailed carvings. The place of worship was attacked and destroyed as part of an airstrike that was carried out by a Saudi Arabia-led coalition in March 2015.

• War/conflict: ISIS conquest, 2015
• Another cultural casualty of ISIS was the Temple of Bel in Palmyra Syria. The religious site was built in the first century and was dedicated to the Mesopotamian god Bel. Among the temple’s features were 1,000 columns, 500 tombs, and a Roman aqueduct. Islamic State fighters blew up the site in 2015. UNESCO, the UN cultural arm, condemned the act as a war crime intended to expunge Syria’s cultural diversity.

• War/conflict: ISIS conquest, 2016
• The imposing Gates of Nineveh guarded the most populous city in ancient Assyria, which was founded in the seventh century B.C. Two of these gates were destroyed by ISIS in 2016. Before the destruction of the Islamic State’s caliphate last year, the group eradicated many historic mosques, churches, and shrines in Iraq and Syria because they viewed artifacts that predated Islam as sacrilegious.