Military Leaders Who Became U.S. Commanders-in-Chief

The path to becoming a General is not an easy one. It requires years, often decades, of service, testing, officer candidate school, advancement through the ranks, physical and mental evaluations, age and service requirements, and the necessary leadership skills followed with a successful record. The military leaders who became U.S. commanders-in-chief have demonstrated these skills and more.

On the battlefield, whether during the American Revolution or the Civil War, these Generals have exemplified what it takes to lead and did so effectively, helping to lead their nations to victory and going on to become their country's heads of state, transitioning their battlefield successes to the political realm. Their exploits in battle or behind the scenes would serve as fodder for their presidential campaigns. (See each president's path to the Oval Office.)

To compile a list of military leaders who became U.S. commanders-in-chief, 24/7 Tempo referred to sources such as Periodic Presidents and Military.com. Half of the presidents on this list served in the Civil War. Three generals – Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and James A. Garfield – served with valor and distinction. (At whatever rank, these are the 31 presidents who served in the military.)

Here are military leaders who became U.S. commanders-in-chief:

• Presidential term: 1789-1797
• Rose to the rank of General: Beginning of the Revolutionary War
• Branch of service: Continental Army

As a general, Washington became commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, serving from 1775 to 1783. When the war was over, he returned home to Mount Vernon, his estate in Virginia – but his country called him back to service, with Congress unanimously electing him as the nation's first president in 1789. His tenure as president would define the chief executive's office. In 1976, Washington was posthumously appointed to the six-star grade of General of the Armies of the United States by Congress, the highest rank of any U.S. general.

• Presidential term: 1829-1837
• Rose to the rank of Major General: Tennessee militia in 1802
• Branch of service: Regular Army of the United States

The feisty Andrew Jackson lacked formal military training but his nickname "Old Hickory," after the deep-rooted hickory tree, spoke to his toughness. Jackson gained fame for winning several battles against Native American forces during the Creek War and for subsequently defeating the British in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812.

• Presidential term: 1841
• Rose to the rank of Brigadier General: 1812
• Branch of service: Army

William Henry Harrison, the shortest-serving president, joined the service in 1791 and became aide-de-camp to General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, fighting in the Northwest Indian and Tecumseh wars. Harrison subdued the Shawnee on the Tippecanoe River in 1811, earning him the nickname "Old Tip." He also became commander of the Army of the Northwest and defeated a combined force of British and Native Americans in 1813. He resigned from the Army in 1814.

• Presidential term: 1849-1850
• Rose to the rank of Major General: During the Mexican-American War, his victories at Palo Alto, Monterrey, and Buena Vista
• Branch of service: U.S. Army

Zachary Taylor had a long career in the U.S. Army that helped put him in the White House. He rose through the ranks during the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, and the Second Seminole War. He won the presidency in 1848. Taylor was only president for 16 months and died in 1850 from acute gastroenteritis.

• Presidential term: 1853-1857
• Rose to the rank of Brigadier General: During the Mexican-American War
• Branch of service: Army

Pierce, whose father served under George Washington during the American Revolution, joined the New Hampshire militia in 1831, rising to the rank of colonel. When the U.S. declared war on Mexico in 1846, he signed up to serve in the regular army and the following year was promoted, attaining the rank through political connections. Pierce was involved in several military engagements, and at one point a bullet punctured his hat – but he served without distinction.

• Presidential term: 1865-1869
• Rose to the rank of Brigadier General: 1862
• Branch of service: U.S. Army

Andrew Johnson of Tennessee was the only Southern senator not to vote for secession. Abraham Lincoln appointed him military governor of Tennessee, along with this rank. Johnson held this position throughout the Civil War until he was elected vice president in 1864.

• Presidential term: 1869-1877
• Rose to the rank of Lieutenant General: March 1864
• Branch of service: U.S. Army

Ulysses S. Grant was the nation's first four-star general. In the Mexican-American War, he served under General Zachary Taylor and with Robert E. Lee, his eventual opponent. Grant left the service but returned at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. He scored major victories at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga. Grant was commander of the Union armies from 1864 to 1865, eventually leading the Union to victory over the Confederacy.

• Presidential term: 1877-1881
• Rose to the rank of Major General: During the Civil War
• Branch of service: U.S. Army

Rutherford B. Hayes, an Ohio native, was wounded five times, including during the Battle of South Mountain. While he was still in the Army, Republicans from Cincinnati convinced Hayes to run for the House of Representatives. He won easily, then became governor of Ohio, and then was elected president in 1876.

• Presidential term: 1881
• Rose to the rank of Major General: 1862 during the battle at Middle Creek
• Branch of service: U.S. Army

Another Ohio native, James Garfield volunteered for service during the Civil War and fought at the battles of Shiloh, Middle Creek, and Chickamauga. It was at Middle Creek that Garfield became a hero, in an engagement called "the battle that made a presidency." At age 30, was one of the youngest officers in the Civil War to hold that rank. Garfield resigned from the Army and was elected to Congress. That put him on the path to the White House and he was elected in 1880. He was the second president assassinated, just four months into his presidency.

• Presidential term: 1881-1885
• Rose to the rank of Quartermaster General: During the Civil War in 1961
• Branch of service: New York State Militia (now called the National Guard)

Chester A. Arthur joined the military in 1858, partly for its political connections. During the Civil War, Arthur was appointed to the militia by New York's governor as engineer-in-chief with the rank that is known today as the logistical officer. In that role, Arthur was in charge of provisioning and housing New York's troops. Arthur didn't serve on the battlefield because his wife was a Virginian and had relatives fighting for the Confederacy. He retired from the Army in 1863 and returned to practicing law. Arthur became the nation's 21st president after the assassination of James A. Garfield.

• Presidential term: 1889-1893
• Rose to the rank of brevet brigadier General: During the Civil War in 1865
• Branch of service: U.S. Army

The grandson of William Henry Harrison, the nation's ninth president (and also a brigadier general in the army), Benjamin Harrison joined the Union Army after the Civil War broke out as a lieutenant in the 70th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He attained the rank of brevet brigadier general in 1865. Harrison never served in the field and did not earn the military fame of his grandfather. He recruited volunteers from Indiana to fight in the Civil War.

• Presidential term: 1953-1961
• Rose to the rank of Commanding General: During WWII, in the European Theatre in 1942
• Branch of service:

After Harrison, it would be another 60 years before another general reached the White House. Dwight D. Eisenhower rose to the position in the European theater in 1942 and led successful campaigns in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. He was named Supreme Commander of Allied Forces, and his diplomatic skill helped the coalition of Western Allies defeat Nazi Germany. Eisenhower's ability to oversee massive undertakings like the invasion of Normandy and delegate authority to subordinates helped him become the 34th president.