World-Changing Inventions Discovered by Mistake

Many innovators and inventors are often years ahead of their peers. They have a certain skill set and ideas to bring their visions to life, often knowing what will work and what won't. These creators see a need in the market and work tirelessly to make their vision a reality. But just as often as they intentionally set out to create, they accidentally fulfill this same objective, and a world-changing invention discovered by mistake is born, changing lives in the process. It could be as basic as an item that simplifies our work days or as sophisticated as a pacemaker, but the result is the same – an item that revolutionized the world.

To compile this list of world-changing inventions discovered by mistake, 24/7 Tempo consulted several historical sources. These include History, Reader's Digest, and the Britannica encyclopedia, among others. Many of these inventions occurred because the people behind the experiments weren't afraid to try a new route or explore a new path. (For more inventions that changed the course of history, check out 20 ancient inventions that we still use today.)

• Invented in: 1945
• Inventor: Percy Spencer

Spencer, an engineer working for the Raytheon Company, discovered something unique when a chocolate bar in his pocket melted during an experiment at work. To test his idea, Spencer grabbed a few corn kernels, and sure enough, each one popped after being exposed to microwaves emitted by the magnetron he was working on. In 1946, the first microwave hit the market for consumers.

• Invented in: 1928
• Inventor: Alexander Fleming

Working hard to create a drug that would cure multiple diseases, Fleming, a bacteriologist in London was at first unsuccessful until he returned from a trip and noticed that an area around a mold growing on a petri dish was free from bacteria. He wrote about his discovery in a paper in 1929 but it wasn't pursued as a medicine until the early 1940s when a few chemists at Oxford University read his paper and went to work. Penicillin was first tested in 1940. In 1942, it began being distributed for widespread use.

• Invented in: 1960
• Inventor: Wilson Greatbatch

According to Veteran's Affairs Research and Development articles, the first pacemaker was implanted in a dog in 1958 by Dr. William Chardack and Dr. Andrew Gage, who worked with engineer Wilson Greatbatch. Greatbatch, who had been working to build an oscillator, accidentally created a unit that would emit a steady electrical pulse. The pacemaker was tweaked after the 1958 invention and successfully used on a 77-year-old male in 1960.

• Invented in: 1895
• Inventor: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

German physicist Röntgen accidentally discovered X-rays after working with cathode rays. After several weeks of testing this type of radiation, Röntgen wrote about his studies. Physicians began using this new technology as early as 1896.

• Invented in: 1968
• Inventor: Spencer Silver, Art Fry

Spencer Silver, a scientist and inventor at 3M, concocted a new adhesive that only lightly adhered to paper and other surfaces. He attempted to find several ways to market the new product but to no avail. Then, in 1980, Art Fry needed a new way to mark his hymnal at church that wouldn't damage the paper. The two worked together to launch and market what we know today as Post-it notes.

• Invented in: 1955
• Inventor: George de Mestral

The research for Velcro began in 1941 after de Mestral noticed both he and his dog were covered in pieces from a cocklebur plant. He set about to create an invention that would work to remove these hook-like barbs, and after more than 10 years of work, he patented Velcro in 1955. Today, Velcro is used for almost anything and has especially been embraced by NASA for use in spacecraft and equipment.

• Invented in: 1941
• Inventor: Prof. Karl Paul Link and team

Warfarin began much differently than what it's known for today – a common blood thinner. In the 1920s, it was discovered that moldy clover hay was causing animals like sheep and cattle to die from complications tied to internal bleeding. The hay contained an anticoagulant that prevented blood from clotting. In 1940, Prof. Karl Paul Link led a team of researchers from the University of Wisconsin to investigate the anticoagulant, discovering a strong compound that was soon patented as Warfarin. Before this compound was used as a blood thinning medicine it was approved as a rat poison in 1948. In the 1950s, it entered clinical trials and was eventually approved to treat heart attack patients.

• Invented in: 1956
• Inventor: Kay Zufall and Joseph McVicker

Kutol Products, the largest wallpaper cleaning manufacturer in the world, was slowly running out of business and becoming obsolete. As fewer people needed the product due to cleaner heating options and fewer fireplaces that left soot on their walls, McVicker's sister-in-law, Kay Zufall, suggested the product be used as a molding clay for kids. Play-Doh is now owned by Hasbro and was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 1998.

• Invented in: 1942
• Inventor: Dr. Harry Coover

During World War II, many companies were looking for ways to support war efforts. While working on a project for gun sights at Eastman Kodak Company, Dr. Harry Coover accidentally invented Super Glue but it was far too sticky to use, so the project was quickly abandoned. A decade later, Coover went back to the project, eventually patenting it for consumer use.

• Invented in: 1856
• Inventor: William Henry Perkin

Mauveine, or aniline purple, was the first synthetic dye ever created. An English chemist, 18-year-old Perkin, was searching for a substitute for quinine. Though his experiment failed, he managed to discover the dying properties of his new concoction.

• Invented in: 1930s
• Inventor: Walter Jaeger

In an attempt to create a sensor that would detect poison gas in the air, Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger ended up creating a sensor that picked up his cigarette smoke instead. Over the next several decades, these smoke detectors would become common in households across the country.

• Invented in: 1867
• Inventor: Alfred Nobel

While dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel in 1867, it was largely due to the 1847 invention of nitroglycerin from his labmate and Italian chemist, Ascanio Sobrero. Sobrero never intended his invention to be used for harm, but Nobel saw the potential in creating a powerful weapon. He stabilized the nitroglycerin with silica powder, and dynamite was born.

• Invented in: 1938
• Inventor: Roy J. Plunkett

American chemist Roy Plunkett was working on creating a coolant gas for DuPont when he accidentally stumbled upon the creation of modern-day Teflon. DuPont went home for the night, unknowingly leaving one of his gas experiments to polymerize spontaneously. This byproduct would later be used in nonstick cookware and the atomic bomb.

• Invented in: 1886
• Inventor: Dr. John Pemberton

John Pemberton was a pharmacist living in Atlanta who created his own elixir made up of coca extract and wine, calling it "Pemberton's French Wine Coca." It was meant to cure common ailments, including nervousness and headaches. However, when alcohol was banned in Georgia in 1885, Pemberton removed the wine from his syrup and sold the coca extract with instructions to mix it with carbonated water. The Pemberton Chemical Company was created to market the product and eventually changed its name to Coca-Cola.

• Invented in: 1853
• Inventor: George Crum

Everyone's favorite junk food didn't exist until 1853 when George Crum, a chef at Moon's Lake House in Saratoga Springs, New York, was serving a customer who kept sending his french fries back, asking them to be thinner and crispier. In frustration, Crum sliced a potato extremely thin and fried it to a crisp. The customer surprisingly loved it. It's worth noting, however, that there is little factual basis behind this story. History reports that at least five people have claimed to be the inventor of potato chips, including Crum's sister.

• Invented in: 1903
• Inventor: Édouard Bénédictus

While glass had already been invented, laminated glass was created by accident. While working in his laboratory, French chemist Édouard Bénédictus accidentally dropped a glass flask. However, when the flask shattered but didn't break into a tiny million pieces, Bénédictus noticed that the inside had been covered in cellulose nitrate. Bénédictus filed for a patent in 1909, leading to the production of safety glass.

• Invented in: 1846
• Inventor: Dr. William T.G. Morton

Morton, a Boston-based dentist, is credited with being one of the first to use what we consider to be modern-day anesthesia. He used sulfuric ether on a patient who needed a tumor removed from his neck. While chloroform was also used as an anesthesia at the time, Morton is credited with being the first to use a concoction that is still generally used today.

• Invented in: 1878
• Inventor: Konstantin Falbert

While Russian chemist Konstantin Falbert worked on experiments in the lab at Johns Hopkins University, he stumbled upon the first commercialized artificial sweetener. When coming home for dinner one evening, Falbert forgot to wash the coal tar off his hands. His wife's biscuits tasted sweeter than before, and Falbert quickly realized the sweet taste was from the saccharin in the tar. Today, we know Falbert's discovery to be the pink packets you find at the local diner or coffee shop: Sweet 'N Low.

• Invented in: 1826
• Inventor: John Walker

British pharmacist John Walker stumbled upon the invention of the friction match when his experiment with chemicals caused a coated stick to ignite after being scraped against his hearth. After tinkering with the idea, Walker began selling his matches in his pharmacy, calling them "Congreves." These matches were small cardboard sticks covered in both antimony sulfide and potassium chlorate, allowing them to ignite when struck against sandpaper.

• Invented in: 1952
• Inventor: Patsy Sherman and Samual Smith

Sherman and Smith, chemists for 3M, were working to create a rubber material that could be used in jet fuel lines. When an assistant dropped one of the synthetic mixtures on her shoe, Sherman and Smith were fascinated by the results. They spent the next few years working on the compound and eventually earned a patent for the commercialized product, "Scotchgard Protector." (Check out 16 famous inventions named after their creator.)