Iconic Inventions That Predate the Wheel

An early human ancestor, Homo habilis, invented cutting or stone tools. The process was simple: Take a stone, and smash another stone against it to flake off chips leaving a sharpened edge and a tool that could be used for cutting. In a clever twist, later human ancestors attached the cutting tool to a shaft for easier handling.

Ancient art often leads us to think of cave paintings like the ones dating back 40,000 years or more that were found in Europe. One of the discoveries included a depiction of three feral pigs in a cafe on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi that has been dated at 45,500 years of age. But shells that might have been used as paint pots and the remains of red ochre and yellow dyes dating back to around 100,000 B.C. have been found in a cave in South Africa, hinting at our ancestors’ earliest attempts at art.

The earliest examples of the bow and arrow have been found in South Africa and Sri Lanka. The earliest European examples are much more recent, found in Germany and dated to around 16,000 B.C, The invention played an important role in human development. With a bow and arrow, our ancestors could kill game (or human enemies) from a distance, not risking death from an up-close encounter.

Maybe the Neanderthals weren’t as backward or, well, as Neanderthal as we assume. They loved music and invented the earliest flutes around 60,000 B.C. The first one discovered comes from a cave in what is now Slovenia and was fashioned from the thigh bone of a young cave bear and punctured with four holes.

Not only did Neanderthals invent the flute, they also crafted ropes, weaving fibers from the bark of conifer trees into one long string, which could be used to make nets, bags, or clothing. The first rope was found in a cave in France and is said to be 50,000 years old. A tool for making rope, dating from around 40,000 B.C., was found several years ago in Germany.

The first sewing needle, discovered in a cave in Siberia, was made of bird bone with an opening for thread at the top. About three inches long, it could still be used today for sewing. Archaeologists believe the sewing needle was crafted by an extinct subspecies of humans known as the Denisovans.

It can be argued that agriculture is more of a development than an invention, but whatever it is, agriculture – the cultivation of plants and raising of livestock – freed humans from the nomadic lifestyle required for hunting and gathering and allowed the development of settlements and then towns and cities. Archaeologists have identified 11 separate regions of the world in which agriculture developed, and it grew in increments over many millennia, with the oldest examples dating back 23,000 years in the Middle East. Among the earliest known crops included emmer wheat, oats, barley, peas, lentils, chickpeas, and flax. The first farm animals to be domesticated were sheep, around 11,000 B.C. in Mesopotamia.

The oldest basket known to us was discovered in 2021 in the Judean desert in modern-day Israel. It was made about 10,500 years ago during the pre-Pottery Neolithic period. Archeologists aren’t sure what it was made of, but it had a lid and could hold about 92 liters (24 gallons or 203 pounds) of something. Those who discovered it were able to discern that it was crafted by two people, one of whom was left-handed.

Before we conquered the air with planes, we floated over the water with boats. The earliest evidence of boats, and the oldest ones recovered, are called Pesse canoes (after the Dutch village near where the oldest example was found). These vessels were simply hollowed-out tree trunks but they got the job done.

Walking across pavement would be pretty uncomfortable without shoes. But think about what our ancient ancestors had to contend with – sharp rocks and pestering animals, among other things. The shoe solved all that. It may have been an American invention: The earliest examples found thus far are sandals made from bark, discovered in a cave in Oregon. The earliest leather shoes, dating from around 3500 B.C., were found in Armenia. The first example of a shoe was found in caves in America, China, and Armenia. There’s a possibility, however, that the Chinese were wearing shoes of some sort as early as 40,000 B.C. – a supposition archaeologists base on changes in the shape of feet and toes that indicate the wearing of foot coverings.

Bricks are an integral part of many infrastructures. We take bricks for granted, but without these humble inventions, we couldn’t build roads or our homes. The forebears of modern bricks were made of dried earth, either of earthen clay or mud left to dry in the sun. The oldest surviving bricks, dating back more than 9,000 years, were discovered in what are now Syria and Turkey.

At the Jiahu archeological site in China’s Henan Province, archaeologists discovered a ceramic jar about 9,000 years old that had been filled with rice, honey, and fruit to make a sweet alcoholic concoction. It is uncertain whether grapes were used, but the earliest undisputed evidence of grape wine, dating back about 8,000 years, is residue found in jars near the Georgian capital of Tbilisi. So if you’re sipping a glass of wine now, you can thank ancient vintners in places as diverse as Georgia and China.

Pinpointing the origins of woven cloth is difficult. Organic (and in modern times, also inorganic) fibers woven into textiles, were able to make clothing, coverings, baskets, and other useful items. Organic fibers degrade quickly and are therefore hard to find in archeological digs. While some archaeologists have used evidence of objects used in the weaving process to posit much earlier dates, and while flax fibers of the kind used for textiles have been dated back to around 32,000 B.C., the earliest actual woven fabric discovered thus far are funeral wrappings found in Anatolia, in what is now Turkey, carbon-dated to 6000 B.C.

Glass occurs organically in nature. Obsidian glass, in particular, forms when lava from a volcano eruption quickly cools and hardens into a rock. This naturally occurring glass was used during the Stone Age. But man-made glass was first observed 6,000 years ago in Syria, ancient Egypt, Lebanon, and Mesopotamia. Man-made glass was first made into jewelry (most often as beads), knives, and arrowheads. Glass was even used as currency in ancient times.