The Iraq War, waged by the U.S. and various allies against Saddam Hussein’s government, as well as Fedayeen insurgent groups and other Middle Eastern militant forces between 2003 and 2011, was an avoidable conflict.
In the wake of the devastating al-Qaeda attacks on American soil on Sept. 11, 2001, the George W. Bush administration obtained congressional approval in 2002 to launch a military offensive against Iraq.
The rationale for the invasion of this far-off Middle Eastern country, which began on March 20, 2003, was twofold: that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein had supported al-Qaeda, perhaps aiding in the Sept. 11 attacks, and that he was stockpiling so-called WMDs – weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear and chemical weapons.
After these claims were disproven, the conflict had already escalated, and coalition forces were on the ground. (There was also speculation, which Bush strongly denied, that he had targeted Hussein to impress his father after Hussein’s earlier invasion of Kuwait or to get revenge for a supposed Iraqi plot to assassinate the elder Bush.)
While Bush famously (and mistakenly) declared “Mission accomplished” on an aircraft carrier in California in May 2003, U.S. involvement in Iraq was far from over. A vigorous insurgency was mounted, involving members of Hussein’s Ba’athist regime as well as various paramilitary Fedayeen factions. Hussein was captured in December of the same year and executed three years later. However, the insurgency grew, attracting fighters from other Middle Eastern regions, including al-Qaeda and other extremist Islamic groups, and Iraq devolved into civil war.
Acknowledging the apparent failure of American attempts to reconstruct Iraq and amid widespread criticism for the human and financial toll of the endeavor (a Harvard University study pegged the true cost of the war at more than $3 trillion), Bush agreed in 2008 to withdraw U.S. troops from the country. However, the withdrawal process wasn’t completed until late 2011 under President Barack Obama.
At that point, approximately 4,500 American troops and nearly 18,000 pro-American Iraqi forces had lost their lives in the conflict, along with over 70,000 pro-Hussein combatants and insurgents and well over 100,000 civilians. The devastation left much of the country in ruins. While most analysts agree that the U.S. didn’t exactly lose the war, there is a consensus that the invasion failed to achieve any meaningful results.
During the Iraq crisis, war photographers were present on the ground, and sometimes in the air, documenting the alternately poignant, distressing, and often horrifying face of the conflict. To assemble an album of dramatic images of the Iraq War, 24/7 Tempo combed through the archives of Getty Images and Wikimedia Commons. Information on the war itself comes from sources that include the New York Times, the Council on Foreign Relations, and Britannica.
Click here to see shocking images of the Iraqi War:
Blood on the wall
A man looks at streams of blood beneath blown-out windows following a car bomb attack on the offices of al-Sabah, the official Iraqi newspaper, founded after the arrest of Saddam Hussein.
Slain prisoners
The bodies of slain prisoners outside the infamous Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad, discovered by coalition forces shortly after the invasion.
Rampant looting
A boy walks past a destroyed warehouse, looted by Iraqis a month after the invasion.
Identifying bodies
Bodies of Shi’ite Muslims executed by Hussein’s regime after the first Gulf War, discovered in a mass grave outside Al Musayyib, south of Baghdad, two months after coalition forces arrived, and now waiting to be identified by their families.
On the way to fight
U.S. Air Force personnel don gas masks at an unnamed Persian Gulf airbase before taking off for Iraq.
Burning oil
Smoke rises from oil burning in trenches on the edge of Baghdad following a U.S. missile strike.
Evacuating a comrade
Marines from Task Force Tarawa, an air-ground brigade, carrying a wounded comrade to safety after a gun battle in Nasiriyah, in southern Iraq.
Fighting the fire
Workers from the Kuwait Oil Company attempt to extinguish a fierce oil well fire in the massive Rumaila oil fields near the Kuwaiti border.
Oil up in flames
A man covers his nose and mouth to protect against smoke from oil fires burning near the entrance to the Ba’ath Party stronghold of Basra.
Training for the attack
U.S. Army M1/A1 Abrams tanks engage in a live-fire training session near the Iraqi border in northern Kuwait in preparation for the invasion.
Shock and awe
Fires rage in Baghdad after massive bombing strikes during the optimistic but ultimately ineffective U.S. “shock and awe” air campaign.
Murder in the midst of war
A U.S. Marine inspects the scene following the deaths of unarmed Iraqi civilians at Marine hands near Haditha, in northwestern Iraq, in 2005 – an episode that culminated with four Marines being charged with murder.
A car bomb exploded by a suicide bomber, possibly a member of al-Qaeda, leaves a crater and other mangled vehicles on a Baghdad street.
Throwing up his hands
A boy seems to be asking “Why is this going on” as a gas station fire, ignited by an explosion that killed at least three people, rages in the background.
Hunting Americans
Two masked Iraqi insurgents, part of a group targeting American and other coalition troops, pose with their weapons.
Treating a victim
A U.S. Air Force medic treats a 3-year-old Iraqi burn victim on a C-17 Globemaster III en route to the U.S., where the child will receive specialized care.
Destruction from the skies
Members of the 1st Marine Division fire a mortar from a Stryker combat vehicle in Al Anbar province in western Iraq.
Car bomb devastation
An Iraqi policeman seems lost in thought outside the Ministry of Justice in Baghdad, site of one of two car bomb explosions the previous day, which killed more than 130 people in total.
Cleaning up the wreckage
A man attempts to clean up some of the damage caused by a car bomb explosion in which two people were killed in Baghdad’s Karrada neighborhood.
Mourning her son
A woman cries the name of her son to the heavens at the site of a mass grave at Hillah, south of Baghdad, discovered by coalition forces.
Shi’ite blood
At Baghdad’s Chavdar Saddam Hospital, blood runs from the body of a Shi’ite woman slain in a firefight between Shi’ites and pro-Hussain Fedayeen.
Respect for the dead
A passerby covers the body of a man killed on the road to Tikrit, north of Baghdad.
Flying towards recovery
Air Force medics tend to wounded Americans on a C-17 Globemaster III medical evacuation aircraft, heading from Balad Air Base in Iraq to Ramstein Air Base in Germany.
Watching the president
Officers watch a televised address by President Bush in January 2007 from their base at Camp Ramadi in Al Anbar province during which he announced a troop increase of 20,000 forces.
Car bomb survivor
An Iraqi boy sits in al-Kadhimiya Hospital in Baghdad after having been injured in a car bomb explosion in the al-Hurriyah neighborhood that claimed at least 51 lives.
Preparing for the ground war
U.S. Army troops secure an abandoned United Nations position in Kuwait, 75 feet from the Iraqi border, in preparation for the land invasion, after the air war has already begun.